Activity+4+Impact+Events

=**Activity 4 The Effects of Impact Events pg E37**= -Christian King - Sam Sanneman

Goals
- Sam Sanneman
 * Investigate the mechanics of an impact event and make scale drawings of an impact crater.
 * Calculate the energy (in joules) released when an asteriod collides with earth.
 * Compare natural and man-made disasters to the impact of an asteriod.
 * Understand the consuquinces to your community should an impact event occur.
 * Investigate the chances for an asteriod or comet collision

__Think About It__ Meteor crater was 1.25 km across and 4km circumference. i believe the meteor that formed meteor crater was about 1,600 meters in diameter.-->Kayla Rosa
 * How large (in diameter) do you think the meteor was that firmed Meteor Crater?

Once the meteor hit the earth, it would have A:Hit water and Send out a huge Tusami to wipe out anything in its way or B: Hit land and bring dirt and dust in the air for anything breathing it to die. Sunlight would have a hard time trying to get through all the dirt and dust so plant life or photosynthesis would slow down or even stop. Then the whole chain or reaction will start to occur, and it would all end in a catastrophic measure. -Diana Kangaroooooooooo-
 * How would the impact of the meteor have affected living things near the crater?

__**INVESTIGATE E38-40**__ 1. A) V=4/3(pi)r3 (cubed) =33,510.32 m3 (cubed) B) m=v X d =261,380496 kg C) KE=1/2(261,380,46 kg)(20000)2 =2.6 x 10 (squared)

2. energy= 2/3(pi)r3(cubed)v2(squared) A) The energy increases by 100 if the you times the velocity by ten. B) The energy would increase by 100 if you times the radius of another object traveling at the same speed by ten. C) This relationship helps to explain how small, fast moving objects can release a tremendous amount of energy as well as larger yet slower moving object because if you have a smaller surface area it would hurt more and if you increase the velocity you increase the energy. -emily soupal

3. (m) || Density (kg/m) || Impact Velocity (m/s) || Energy (joules) || Richter Scale Magnitude Equivalent || -Elizabeth Moreno
 * Object || Radius
 * Asclepius || 100 || 3000 || 30,000 || 5.655 x 10^18 || 6.69 ||
 * Comet Swift Tuttle || 1000 || 5000 || 60,000 || 3.769 x 10^22 || 9.26 ||
 * Chicxlub Impactor || 5000 || 3000 || 2,0000 || 8.042 x 10^23 || 10.15 ||
 * SL9 Fragment Q || 2150 || 1000 || 60,000 || 7.493 x 10^22 || 9.46 ||
 * Meteor Crater || 20 || 7800 || 20,000 || 5.228 x 10^16 || 5.33 ||

__Digging Deeper Notes__ __Comets and Collisions__ __Asteroids__
 * Asteroids are rocky bodies smaller than planets.
 * It used to be common for asteroids to run into planets, and there are obvious indents on the moon, mercury and mars.
 * There are probablly about 100000 asteroids 1km in diameter or more.
 * The largest asteroid is Ceres, its about 1000 km across.
 * Most asteroids are located in the asteroid belt between jupiter and mars. -Lauren Cowart
 * comets are masses of frozen gases and rocky dust particles.
 * just like asteroids, comets are leftovers from the formation of the solar system, and there are many comets in orbit around the sun.
 * comets orbits are usually very eccentric and they have large inclinations.
 * solar wind is a flow of hot charged particles that are leaving the sun.
 * comets also have tails because of the radiation pressure and solar wind blow gases and dust in the coma in a direction away from the sun.- Kelsey Lester
 * Ever since the Earth formed, it has had collisions with comets.
 * It has been thought that the ice left from comet impacts melted to help create Earth's oceans.
 * A comet has been suspected to hit Earth in Tunguska, Russia in 1908.
 * This supposed comet incident flattened trees for hundreds of miles and if it happened in a populated area, the loss of life would be devastating.Dalton Goss
 * The closest recent approach of an asteroid to Earth was Asteroid 1994 XM II. On December 9, 1994, this asteroid approached within 115,000 km of Earth.
 * On March 22, 1989 the asteroid 4581 Asclepius came within 1.8 lunar distances, which is close to 690,000 km.
 * Astronomers think that asteroids at least 1 km in diameter hit Earth every few hundred million years. -Alex Huston

Meteroids, Meteors, and Merteorites Page E44 __Check Your Understanding__
 * A meteroid is a rock in space.
 * A meteor is a rock that has entered earth's atmosphere.
 * Meteorites are rocks that were origionally from space but now reside on earth's surface.
 * All three are the same rock, just at different stages of decent. --Hannah Johnson.
 * There are several types of meteorites. About 80% that hit Earth are stony in nature and are difficult to tell apart from Earth rocks. About 15% of meteorites consist of metals iron and nickel and are very dense.- DanielNguon
 * 1) Where are asteroids most abundant in the solar system?
 * Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun and are smaller than planets. It's believed that they are leftovers from the formation of the solar system. Most asteroids are in the asteroid belt, between Jupiter and Mars. There are at least 100,000 asteroids one km in diameter and larger within this belt. The four largest asteroids that are found in the asteroid belt are named Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea. -Barbara V.

2. How might a major asteroid impact have caused a mass extinction of the earth's plant and animal species at certain times in the geologic past? A major asteroid impact may have caused mass extinction because it would have sent up enough dust to cloud the earth and block out sunlight for months. Lack of sunlight would cause plant and animal life to die off. -Amanda Balzano

3. Why do comets have tails? Why do the tails point away from the sun?
 * Radiation pressure and the action of the solar wind blow the gases and dust in the coma in the direction away from the sun. This produces a tail that points away from the sun. -Sherry Guyer

__Check Your Understanding #3__ Why do comets have tails? Why do the tails point away from the sun? Comets have tails becausue of solar wind blowing the gases and dust in the coma in a direction away from the sun. the comets tails always blow away from the sun because the pressure of the solar wind rushing away from the sun.---> Esmeralda O

__Check Your Understanding #4__ What are the compositions of the major kinds of meteorites?
 * The compositions of the major kinds of meteorites are normally a mixture of iron-nickel and stony materials. Most of these stony materials are known as chondrites. Chondrites are materials that were never part of a planet or asterioid but something made up by materials made during the origin of the solar system. About 15% of other meteorites, however, consist of the metals iron and nickel and are very dense with these metals. ->Tanner A.

__Geo Words__
 * Solar wind- a stream of energized, charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, flowing outward from the Sun.
 * Meteoroid- a small rock in space.
 * Meteor- the name of a meteoroid once it has breached Earth's atmosphere, commonly known as a "shooting star."
 * Meteorite- a part of a meteoroid that actually survives through the Earth's atmosphere, the part of the meteoroid that actually hits Earth's crust. -Trudy Morse

__Inquiring Further #1__ Q: In an earlier activity you studied impact sites on the Moon. Look at Mercury, Mars, and the moons of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune to see other examples of impact craters in the solar system. How are these craters similar to Meteor Crater? How are they different? A: The term impact crater can be applied to any depression, natural or manmade. Meteor Crater is perhaps the best known example of a small impact crater on the Earth. They both are a result from the high velocity impact of a projectile with a larger body. In contrast, visible impact caters are less common because they become eroded, buried or transformed by tectonics over time while the Meteor Crater is clearly visible. ---Emily Harvey

---Inquiring further---
 * 1) 3. scientists said that asteroids could collide with the earth, because they have before in the past. The asteroid is bigger than two football fields. The Russian scientists predict that this asteroid will go through a gravitational key hole as it passes earth in 2029. It will pass by earth coming dangerously close. The scientists now believe that the asteroid will come close to the earth in 2012 as well. They will continue to observe this asteroid with telescopes, and radar technology.- Amanda Balzano

3 & 4 Orbits are determined by the planets circling the Sun. Recent discoveries of the asteriods by the Space Watch telescope which show objects of no more than 16 approaching the Earth. These objects are fifty meters or smaller in diameter. Some of this information was founded by the orgins which can be founded by the orbitial evolution. The Barringers is a huge crater ( hole created by an asteriod) located in the Arizona desert. The crater is about a mile wide and 570 feet deep. The boulders that surround the crater is the size of small houses. A man by the name of Grove Karl Gilbert established the crater was formed by a steam explosion which is volcanic activity caused underneath the Earth. - Jennifer Tipton

//__The Dinosaurs, asteroid that hit the earth causing extinction theory, and how they recovered!(Additional information, not in the book)__// There are many ideas about what happened to the dinosaurs that caused them to become extinct. The most widespread idea that most scientist agree on is that a large asteroid 6-12 miles wide hit the region that is now part of the eastern coast of Mexico, and during the time of the dinosaurs this are was under water. Because of huge amounts of dust and gas, the world was dark for many months. There was also a wildfire that was worldwide, and this caused most living things to die. Though some animals, plants, crocodiles, etc. lived through all of this devastation. These animals began to adapt the landscape. By Justine Gomez

__What could happen:__ If the Earth was ever hit by a gigantic meteor such as in the movie "Deep Impact" Here is a chart of how devastating this could truly be. - Amanda Medina

code Size         Yield       Crater             Effect (Megatons)    (km) ...................................................... 75 m         100           1.5           Land impacts destroy areas the size of Washington or Paris)

160 m        500          3.0           Destroys large urban areas

350 m       5000          6.0           Destroys area the size of a                                         small state. Ocean impacts produce tsunamis.

700 m       15,000         12           Land impact destroys Virginia, Tiawan and ocean impact causes major tsunami.

1.7 km     200,000         30           Land impacts affect climate, global destruction of ozone, tsunamis destroy coastal communities.

3.0 km     1 million       60           Large nations destroyed, widespread fires from ejecta, climate change.

7.0 km     50 million      125          Mass extinction, global conflagration, long term climate change.

16 km      200 million      250         Large mass extinction.

code

__**Digging Deeper Notes pg E 41-45**__ -Amanda Balzano
 * Asteroids orbit the sun in very elliptical orbits with inclinations up to 30 degrees.
 * Asteroids have rocky bodies, and they are smaller than planets. They are leftovers from the formation of the solar system.
 * Most asteroids are in the region between jupiter & mars called the asteroid belt.
 * The energy of an asteroid impact event increases with the cube of the radius.
 * Astronomers think that every few hundred years asteroids 1km in diameter hit the earth.
 * Comets are masses of frozen gases and rocky dust particles. They are also leftovers from the formation of the solar system.
 * There are many comets in orbits around the sun.
 * Comets orbits are usually very eccentric with large inclinations.
 * the icy head of a comet is usually a few kilometers in diameter.


 * //Chapter Challenge Questions://**
 * __Comets__ are small icy objects that originate in the outer system. They have a high inclination and if they were to hit Earth it would be severe. They develop a gaseous envelope and long glowing tails when they get close to the Sun. They originate in the Oort Cloud or in the Kuiper Belt. It is thought that the comets ice would melt and help form the Earths oceans.
 * __Asteroids__ are remains of planets and occupy little space and are rocky. They have a very high velocity relative to Earth. The orbits of asteroids are more eccentric than the orbits of the planets. They stay mainly in the Asteroid belts. If they are to hit a planet or another object, they'd leave indents, like the ones on the moon.
 * __Meteors__ are meteoroids when they enter the atmosphere. Meteoroites are tiny particles in space and a meteorite are when they are at earths surface. 1000 tons of material is added to Earth each year by meteorites. 80% that hit earth are stony in nature and are difficult to tell apart from the earth rocks. -**Sydney Parson**

UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING ~the factors the would determine how dangerous an astroid is the rate that it is traveling and also the mass of the object. -Courtney M
 * 1) 2 if an astroid or comet were on a collision course for Earth, what factors would determine how dangerous the collision might be for your community

meteor- the luminous phenomenon seen when a meteoroid enters the atmosphere ( commonly known as a shooting star ).-- kevin boe

Inquiring Further The Barringer Crater is a crater that is 570 feet deep, and a half mile wide. It is located in the Arizona desert. The crater was named after Daniel Barringer who was the first person to suggest that the crater was caused by a meteorite. The crater is still owned to this day by the Barringer family. It is not a national monument, but a National Natural Landmark. The origianl ideas for the reason of the crater was thought of a man by the name of Grove Karl Gilbert. He sugested that the massive crater was caused by a volcanic steam explosion
 * 1) 4 Barringer Crater
 * //__-BLAKE WEIL__//**